![]() There is a great diversity of available manufacturing methods and processes for the production of composite material (CM) parts. Wach et al., have printed PLA specimens by the FDM process and annealed they over its glass transition temperature determined an increase of 11–17% in the flexural stress of the parts. The results showed that annealed PLA shape memory polymer at 75 ☌ increased the tensile and compressive strength (6% increases in ultimate compressive strength) compared to as-printed samples. Several researchers have analysed the effect of different annealing times and temperatures on thermoplastic materials which was 3D printed by FDM/FFF techniques. The post chemical treatment using acetone (99%) and dichloroethane (98%) solutions dramatically improves the surface finish and dimensional accuracy, and reduce the tensile strength of FDM specimens made of ABS. have investigated the optimal infill percentage of the beams from PLA that can maximised specific flexural rigidity, and obtained an infill percentage in the range of 10% to 20%. Post-processes methods and variation of different printing parameters can enhance mechanical properties and surface finish of the part made by FDM. ABS is also compatible with soluble support materials for easy support removal, allowing more complex prints to occur. The styrene from this material contributes to the achievement of a shiny surface. It should also be noted that ABS has good thermal and mechanical properties, resulting in ABS being used to produce jigs, fixtures, and tooling. ABS material contains three monomers: acrylonitrile (A) in a proportion of 15%, butadiene, (B) 35% and styrene, (S) 60%. PLA is often treated with more importance in FDM, over other comparable materials, due to its relatively low production cost, good three-dimensional (3D) printability, and biodegradability in addition to this, PLA has a low thermal tension, which reduces warping during the FDM process. However, there are some limitations to the FDM process, for example the thermoplastic parts have poor mechanical properties when compared to traditional manufacturing methods, such as injection molding. This technology allows for the manufacture of complex parts, at a relatively low production cost, from various thermoplastic filaments including polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonates, nylons, etc. Recently, due to the low production costs and the ability to feature a high degree of automation, the technology surrounding FDM/FFF has developed in a relatively rapid fashion. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) or fused filament fabrication (FFF) is defined as a material extrusion process within ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 standard. The uses of polymers are very popular within additive manufacturing (AM) processes having applications across many domains. Within the sports industry (CFRP bicycles, CFRP tennis rackets etc.) due to their excellent physical and mechanical properties, such as being lightweight, high strength, etc., CFRP products offer a good opportunity to improve the performance of the participants. The novel method is primarily intended to be used for customized products using CFRPs.Ĭarbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) often offer greater advantages than most other commonly used materials and are frequently used in many fields such as the aerospace, automotive, railway, naval, sports industry, medical, and civil construction industries. ![]() ![]() Additionally, the weight of the upper part of the saddles was found to be 42 grams. The statistically analyzed results state that the main deviations between the CAD model and the manufactured CFRP parts were within the range of ☑ mm. Following manufacture the molded parts were subjected to a quality inspection, using non-contact three-dimensional (3D) scanning techniques, where the results were then statistically analyzed. The novel bike saddles were fabricated using carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), by vacuum bag technology and oven curing, utilizing additive manufactured (AM) molds. This paper features a new design of bike saddle, which was manufactured through the use of molds created by fused deposition modeling (FDM), of which two 3D printable materials were selected, polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and these molds were then chemically and thermally treated. Within this paper, a novel method for the manufacture of complex-shaped FRP parts has been proposed. Fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) have attracted much interest within many industrial fields where the use of 3D printed molds can provide significant cost and time savings in the production of composite tooling. ![]()
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